Several models of finger ridge formation mechanisms that lead to the vast diversity of fingerprints have been proposed. One study has suggested that roughly 5% of the total variability is due to small environmental effects, although this was only performed using total ridge count as a metric. However, the relative influences of genetic and environmental effects on fingerprint patterns are generally unclear. Whereas genes determine the general characteristics of patterns and their type, the presence of environmental factors result in the slight differentiation of each fingerprint. Current models of dermatoglyphic trait inheritance suggest Mendelian transmission with additional effects from either additive or dominant major genes. Significant heritability has been identified for 12 dermatoglyphic characteristics. The fingerprint patterns between monozygotic twins have been shown to be very similar, whereas dizygotic twins have considerably less similarity. GeneticsĬonsensus within the scientific community suggests that the dermatoglyphic patterns on fingertips are hereditary. These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may improve surface contact in wet conditions. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. Ī friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the digits (fingers and toes), the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. Fingerprint matching considers only the obvious features of a fingerprint. The matching of two fingerprints is among the most widely used and most reliable biometric techniques. 18.2 Pattern-based (or image-based) algorithmsįingerprints are impressions left on surfaces by the friction ridges on the finger of a human.17.1 Consumer electronics login authentication.15 Absence or mutilation of fingerprints.13.2 Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.Research has been conducted into whether experts can objectively focus on feature information in fingerprints without being misled by extraneous information, such as context. There are no uniform standards for point-counting methods, and academics have argued that the error rate in matching fingerprints has not been adequately studied and that fingerprint evidence has no secure statistical foundation. Their use as evidence has been challenged by academics, judges and the media. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Human fingerprints are detailed, nearly unique, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers. Deliberate impressions of entire fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Systems with degeneracies of higher order are also examined.A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. Both ordinary Hopf bifurcation and degenerate Hopf bifurcation are considered. Systems with degeneracies of higher order are also examined.ĪB - The bifurcation behavior of autonomous nonlinear dynamical systems that exhibit Hopf bifurcation are studied using the method of averaging. N2 - The bifurcation behavior of autonomous nonlinear dynamical systems that exhibit Hopf bifurcation are studied using the method of averaging.
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